The editors provide authoritative guidance to reasonable questions on subjects covered by the bluebook. The most useful answers are gathered here as blue tips, classified by subject. Law students see parentheticals in judicial opinions, memos, briefs. Generations of law students, lawyers, scholars, judges, and other legal professionals have relied on the bluebook s unique system of citation in their writing. The ongoing project to eliminate variances between this style manual and the bluebook, where prudent to do so, continues. The bluebook also has citation rules for legal memoranda and other practiceoriented materials the blue pages, which students in. Primary authority consists of the law itself, created by one branch of the government and expressed in constitutions, statutes, court decisions, administrative regulations and administrative decisions. To include an intext citation with a quotation youve altered, put the citation first, followed by a semicolon, and then the words emphasis added. You can end a citation sentence with a period, but end a citation clause with a semicolon. Adds an explanation to the rule on italicizing explanatory phrases in citations that they should not be italicized when introducing the citation in a. Introductory signals appear at the beginning of citation sentences. Writing program at seattle university school of law in seattle, wash. Effective january 1, 2008, however, california rule of court, rule 1. Lincoln specifically advocated a government for the people emphasis added.
Bluebook citations primary authorities search this guide search. The reference should include the name of the case, citation by volume, page, and date, and case history when applicable and relevant. Georgetown law library guides research process bluebook guide unpublished opinions search this guide search. Toggle navigation introduction to basic legal citation. Citing cases bluebook guide guides at georgetown law. The yale law journal volume 123 style sheet the yale law journal follows the bluebook. Blue pages this guide covers the bluebook s white pages, which provide citation rules for academic papers. The bluebook signals the importance of quotations in legal writing by.
Cite the reporter listed in table 1 of the bluebook. Emphasizing words in a direct quotation apa writing. Similar parenthetical notices to be appended to citations as appropriate include emphasis added and citations omitted. The bluebook was released in its nineteenth edition in 2010. When italicizing words within a quotation for emphasis, add the parenthetical phrase emphasis added after the citation.
Since the eighteenth edition, the bluebook has included internal quotation marks omitted among the parenthetical expressions listed in rule 5. Replaces textual explanation of the structure of a case citation with a table of. Bluebook citation for llm students bluebook citation for. A uniform system of citation, a style guide, prescribes the most widely used legal citation system in the united states. To the maroon books authors, the bluebook commits the most heinous of sins. When you wish to add emphasis on quoted material, the footnote following the quote should include the phrase emphasis supplied. This relation can be supportive, comparative, or contradictory.
It is used in citations to present authorities and indicate how those authorities relate to propositions in statements. Always use a signal unless 1 the cited authority directly. Legal writers use citation signals to tell readers how the citations support or do not support their. Some of the most obscure bluebook rules or how to really. A parenthetical is an explanatory phrase included in parentheses at the end of a legal citation. Buy now enter your mobile number or email address below and well send you a link to download the free. Citations are to the 20th edition of the bluebook, a uniform system of citation westlaw and lexisnexis citations arent bluebooked. Please adhere to the bluebook and these guidelines, even if you know a different rule. Presented by the academic achievement program october. Adds an explanation to the rule on italicizing explanatory phrases in citations that they should not be italicized when introducing the citation in a related authority parenthetical. Consult the bluebook in conjunction with these tips.
The chicago manual of style is followed for style, in hyphenation, capitalization and spelling. Bluebook citation for legal materials purdue writing lab. One mistake students and attorneys alike make is assuming that research systems like westlaw and lexis advance provide properly bluebooked citations. For the rare situations in which neither of these works covers a particular stylistic matter, we. Special attention has been devoted toallowing a more robust use of id. If the provisions involved are lengthy, their citation alone suffices at this point, and their. I am so pleased to recognize our outstanding state reporter, bill hooks, who succeeded to the position in june 2009. Changes in bluebook handout university of houston law center. California style manual for many years, the california style manual has served as the official guide for styling citations to legal materials in documents filed with state courts in california. I had a question during a presentation i was making about whether the phrase emphasis added when used with a quotation was treated in the same font as the emphasized language, for example, if the emphasized language is bolded, is the phrase emphasis added bolded. Changes in bluebook handout university of houston law.
If there is a subsequent history or related authority component to the citation, place these after the parentheticals in the citation sentence. The purpose of this guide is to introduce the bluebook and basic concepts of legal citation to new law students. Citation format examples for footnotes general rules times new roman, size 10, 1 line spacing, justified. Additionally, the chicago manual of style recommends its use for all citation of legal material. For more on reporters, see our case law research guide or watch anatomy of a case, case citation, and the case law reporter system in our case law research tutorial on the right. This part outlines where vlr conventions depart from the bluebook, adds additional rules, and seeks to clarify some of the more obscure bluebook rules. I must start by thanking the law reporting bureau of the state of new york for inviting me to write the foreword for the 2012 style manual. Once again, you can demonstrate both appropriate use and overuse of the emphasis added option. Use italics to add emphasis to a specific word or words in a direct quotation that were not originally emphasized by the author. Primary authorities bluebook citations libguides at.
Appropriate use of emphasis added congress found that foreign organizations that engage in terrorist activity are so tainted by their criminal conduct that any. Lincoln specifically advocated a government for the people brown 512. According to the bluebook section continue reading. The scope of the indigo books coverage is roughly equivalent to the bluebook s bluepagesthat is, the indigo book covers legal citation for u. Tarltons librarians and staff remain actively engaged in providing library services. That is the bluebook rule addressing the broader question of how to signal any number of alterations a writer might make to a quoted passage. Additionally, type the phrase emphasis added and enclose it in brackets directly after the emphasized words to indicate to the reader that the emphasis is not present in the original text. The indigo book isnt the same as the bluebook, but it does implement the same uniform system of citation that the bluebook does. If a case is published in a reporter, the bluebook prescribes which reporter is the preferred one to cite table 1.
The bluebook style guide is used in the american legal profession for citation of all relevant sources. See your bluebook for specific exceptions involving special designations, place of publication etc. Parentheticals bluebook citation libguides at florida. In law, a citation or introductory signal is a set of phrases or words used to clarify the authority or significance of a legal citation as it relates to a proposition. Citus legalus the citation generator for lazy law students. If you have any comments on the writing manual, please contact the reporters office at. A uniform system of citation, 20th edition 9788925598376. The purpose of this guide is to introduce the bluebook and basic concepts of legal citation to new law. A guide to citations, style, and judicial opinion writing for guidance on the style of documents filed with the supreme court. The tarlton law librarys physical facility is closed until further notice. Prior to this years twentieth edition, the bluebook itself provided no guidance on when a writer could or should omit internal quotation marks. The style manual used by the new york state law reporting. Parenthetical use is governed in part by the bluebook and in part by our own writing objectives.
Citus legalus is an automated bluebook citation generator for lazy law students. When citing published state trial court opinions, the department or district may be. Secondary sources bluebook citation 101 practitioner. In a diverse and rapidly changing legal profession, the bluebook continues to provide a systematic method by which members of the profession communicate important information to one another about the sources and legal authorities upon. These tips are searchable and linked to the bluebook content they address. Therefore, if the emphasis appears in the original text, do not include the parenthetical phrase emphasis in original. Signals are important because they indicate how a cited authority relates to the text. Adds instruction on how to cite to an excerpt or partial reprint. The citation format for newspapers and newsletters is largely the same as for nonconsecutively paginated periodicals. In many cases, the bluebook specifies rules for legal writing and citation. Parenthetical use is governed in part by the bluebook and in part by our own writing. Formatting of signals and accompanying punctuation rule 1. The following information regarding the bluebook citation format is an adapted version of the style and formatting guidelines found in the bluebook, 20th ed.
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